Currently, the consensus amongst the general public as well as scholars is that government, economy, and natural and human resources are the key steps to modernize a nation. To be fair, they have a good reason to do so, look at China. A stable government, hard-working populus, and smart economic decision making has contributed to making China the fastest growing economy of the 21st century. Whenever criticisms of communism come, defenders of the Marxist ideology point to China, and the miracle that has happened there under the leadership of Chairman Mao, Deng, Li, and now Xi. While the west seems to glamour over China nowadays, with every other reel on instagram or post on Twitter promoting the country for being a modern metropolis, with cities looking pristine, anyone living in China knows it’s not the case. China may be better than they were a mere quarter century ago, before they joined the WTO, but by no means are they a global metropolis, and the reason is simple: infrastructure.
China’s infrastructure problem can be divided into 3 distinct categories: business high rises, private homes, and public roads.
The high rises, the source of western Chinese propaganda, while these get boosted around on social media, these buildings are simply not up to standard. Besides the few well designed ones located in Shanghai and Guangzhou, most high-rises in China look extremely ugly and simply clutter the country's skyline. For example, in every decently sized city in China, there are bound to be a few tall buildings that fill the city center. Oftentimes, they are a significant contrast from the beautiful high-rises of Dubai, New York, and Tokyo. They are usually homogenous and shape and stature, painted with dull colours, extremely compact, giving a depressing feel as if a cloud constantly stands over the city, in contrast with the open vibe many other modernized places provide.
The private homes are the hidden side of China that western influencers who have only been in the airport and downtowns do not know about. Oftentimes, the buildings are old, 6 stories tall, with chipped walls and drainage systems that do not work. The bathrooms are smelly, and the neighborhoods are often not well maintained as the grass is dead and the roads are littered with trash. Motor vehicles are loud and living conditions are terrible with limited sunlight and view of the outside world. These conditions are what the majority of the well-off “middle class” Chinese families live in, not to mention the poor or rural family homes. In those areas, the condition is no different from a slum in any other part of the developing world. Search up a picture of the Delhi slums and the Chinese ones are no different in poorer rural regions, even though the country is supposedly advanced beyond belief now compared to India.
The public roads are the area of infrastructure that the government has invested in, and where credit is due, they are pretty good. However, like with the high-rises, the problem lies in the fact that only the road from the airport from the best Hilton town is like that, and the rest of the nation’s roads are in shambles. They are often cracked, dirty with trash, and compact with cars excreting deadly fumes into the air. Again, they are no different from a random Mexican highway, far from being developed.
For geoguessr players, or even those who travel the world often, or even those who simply enjoy scrolling past pictures of the world, or even Americans who do not know the existence of any other country besides their own, it is easy to spot the difference between a picture of a developed country versus an undeveloped country. Post-WWII, many countries have tried to modernize but failed. The previous example of China is actually the best of these failed attempts at modernizing, considering India, Pakistan, Nigeria, South Africa, and Pakistan, Malaysia, and Indonesia failed just as miserably at infrastructure and do not have the technology/economy to fall on like China. The goal of developing countries, whether they like it or not, is to develop, hence the name. Without developing, these countries are failing to keep up with the modern standard, only falling farther behind the west. However, it is not all doom and gloom, as 3 notable countries from the “developing world” have all turned the turnstiles and built themselves into modern metropolises: the UAE, Japan, and Singapore.
Japan:
Japan's transformation into a global economic and technological powerhouse is often referred to as the "Japanese Miracle." Following its devastating defeat in World War II, Japan was left in ruins, but the country quickly embarked on an ambitious reconstruction effort. With significant help from U.S. investments and economic policies such as the Dodge Plan, Japan established a robust industrial sector. Companies like Toyota, Sony, and Honda emerged as global leaders in manufacturing and innovation. The government's commitment to infrastructure development, education, and efficient urban planning led to the rise of modern cities such as Tokyo, Osaka, and Yokohama. Today, Japan is synonymous with cutting-edge technology, high-speed rail systems, and a thriving economy that balances tradition with modernization.
Singapore:
Singapore’s rise from a small, resource-scarce island to one of the most developed nations in the world is nothing short of remarkable. When Singapore gained independence in 1965, it faced severe economic challenges, high unemployment, and social unrest. However, under the leadership of Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew, the country adopted a pragmatic and forward-thinking approach to economic development. By prioritizing education, attracting foreign investment, and developing a world-class financial sector, Singapore quickly became an economic hub of Southeast Asia. The city-state boasts a state-of-the-art transportation system, strict environmental regulations, and a high standard of living. Today, it is considered one of the cleanest, safest, and most efficient urban environments in the world.
UAE:
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) serves as an extraordinary example of rapid modernization fueled by strategic vision and oil wealth. In the mid-20th century, the UAE was primarily a desert region with small fishing and trading communities. However, the discovery of oil in the 1950s transformed the country’s fortunes. The government, particularly under the leadership of Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, reinvested oil revenues into infrastructure, healthcare, and education. Cities like Dubai and Abu Dhabi have become global hubs for business, tourism, and luxury living. With ambitious projects such as the Burj Khalifa, Palm Jumeirah, and Expo 2020, the UAE has redefined modern urban development. Additionally, the country has diversified its economy beyond oil, investing in technology, renewable energy, and finance to ensure long-term sustainability.
While many nations have struggled to modernize, Japan, Singapore, and the UAE stand as shining examples of how strategic planning, investment in infrastructure, and economic adaptability can lead to extraordinary transformations. Their success stories serve as blueprints for other nations looking to bridge the gap between underdevelopment and a thriving modern economy.
The common denominator behind all these countries is not culture, economics, government (although it does play a role), or geographical location. The common denominator behind these countries is that they understood that in order to modernize a country, the work must start with the surface: making the country clean and visually appealing through having proper infrastructure. The solution is simple: don’t fix what’s not broken, and fix what is broken by following the strategy that has turned previous countries around. A brief summary of the steps to modernize a nation (at least the first step):
Tear down old eroding infrastructure and preserve the land to ensure it is clean, as dirty streets can slow down building and deter investment.
Invest heavily into building roads using the best cement available, as it is impossible to build beautiful buildings on cracked roads.
Invest heavily into building residential districts with competitive competition, ensuring the houses have a similar style but are not homogenous.
Ensure the size of roads and neighborhoods are as large as possible given available land, in order to make the cities feel crammed.
Invest heavily into business districts, ensuring again the streets are clean and the buildings are well spaced and well maintained.